With the outbreak of World War I (1914-1918), the British Empire aimed to secure German colonies in Africa to eliminate potential threats to its territories. German South West Africa, bordered by British-controlled South Africa, became an immediate target. The Union of South Africa, a dominion of the British Empire, was tasked with leading the campaign.

During September 1914, Union Defense Forces under the command of General H.T. Lukin were disembarking at Port Nolloth, to establish a post that would support the larger British campaign against the Germans. Controlling Sandfontein was strategically crucial as it was the only dependable water source within the arid landscape of southern modern-day Namibia. Sandfontein, however, was a dangerous choice of position. Located in an arid and isolated area, it was a natural trap. The lack of water sources and the rugged desert terrain made it difficult to supply and reinforce, a vulnerability that the Germans, led by Lieutenant Colonel Joachim von Heydebreck quickly identified.

Germany's forces in the region, though smaller in number, were well-trained and familiar with the harsh desert environment. German Schutztruppe and their commanders were aware of the South African incursion, and they executed a coordinated encirclement of the South African forces, effectively trapping Lukin’s men in the valley. General Lukin received reports of increased German troop mobilisation towards Sandfontein. In response, he ordered Lieutenant Colonel R. C. Grant to reinforce Captain E. J. Welby’s 2nd Squadron, who had already been in Sandfontein since 24 September. Grant's force included the Transvaal Horse Artillery led by Lieutenant F. Adler, Lieutenant W. E. Butler’s machine gun section and three South African Mounted Rifles platoons commanded by Captain P. E. Hale, and a field ambulance commanded by Captain L. A. Holcroft.

The troops commenced their march from Raman’s Drift throughout the night, arriving in the early morning hours of September 26th. During the process of watering the mules, unloading ammunition, and establishing their positions, German Majors Ritter, Bauszus, Von Rappard, and Franke initiated a sudden and intense artillery barrage against the Union Forces. This unexpected assault compelled the South Africans to engage in combat without adequate preparation. The extreme heat and limited water supplies compounded their difficulties, as their position became increasingly untenable. As the day wore on, ammunition supplies, food and water were running out, and after several hours of brutal fighting, it became clear that the situation was hopeless for the Union Forces. By late afternoon, Colonel Grant found himself compelled to surrender, which ultimately resulted in the loss of 19 lives that day.

Artefacts observed at Sandfontein battle site - Sourced by Anzel Veldman.png

Some artefacts were observed at the battle site at Sandfontein Lodge

Why do we remember the fallen?

War is and always has been a decisive element of human nature and has been both a destructive and a transformative force throughout history. While it has brought death and suffering, it has also catalysed social, political, and technological change. The consolidation of power through warfare led to the creation of larger and more organised states, laying the groundwork for governance, infrastructure, and cultural exchange. For example, the Roman Empire left a legacy through military conquests that influenced societies in areas such as legislation, governance, religion, and architecture, which are still relevant today. Similarly, the technological advancements driven by the exigencies of warfare have significantly impacted human progress. Innovations in metallurgy, navigation, and more recent technologies such as the Internet may be due to military requirements.

Despite its catastrophic consequences, war has remained a persistent feature of human history. This endurance can be attributed to a range of factors, including the competitive nature of states and nations driven by economic and ideological rivalries. Moreover, human emotions such as fear, pride, and vengeance frequently escalate disputes into violence. Additionally, the concentration of power in the hands of leaders with personal ambitions or ideological motivations can trigger the onset of wars. Even in contemporary societies marked by advanced technology and interconnected economies, the scourge of war remains prevalent.

This continuum of violent conflict throughout time reflects the sacrifices made by fallen soldiers, which transcend personal bravery. They embody a commitment to ideals such as liberty, equality, and the defence of human dignity. Whether defending against aggression, fighting for independence, or participating in peacekeeping missions, soldiers risk their lives for the greater good. Moreover, remembering fallen soldiers fosters a sense of unity and shared responsibility. The freedoms that current generations enjoy are the direct result of the sacrifices made by those who came before them. Whether these sacrifices occurred 1,000 years ago or just 100 years ago, the world we inhabit today has been profoundly shaped by the impacts of warfare. Therefore, World War I memorials and cemeteries around the world stand as enduring tributes to those who lost their lives. These cemeteries ensure that history remains visible and tangible, and acts of commemoration foster a collective historical consciousness, reminding us of the human cost of war.

Commemorating soldiers goes beyond merely honouring their sacrifices; it also involves addressing historical injustices. Acknowledging the contributions of African soldiers challenges the Eurocentric narrative of warfare and highlights the resilience and agency of African communities, even amidst colonial exploitation and systemic inequities. By recognising African soldiers, we emphasise the importance of inclusivity in our remembrance of the past. Their contributions serve as a reminder that the costs and consequences of war affect people from all nations and backgrounds, making their sacrifices a shared legacy for all of humanity. The Battle of Sandfontein, though a smaller engagement in the broader context of the First World War, still exacted a heavy toll in blood, sweat and tears.

Memorial plaque at Sandfontein - Sourced by Anzel Veldman.png

The new memorial plaque at Sandfontein commemorates the 110th anniversary of the battle and those who paid the ultimate price.

Conclusion

The Battle of Sandfontein exemplifies the challenges of early World War I campaigns in remote colonial regions. It highlights the significance of local knowledge, preparation, and adaptability in military success. While the battle itself did not alter the war’s broader trajectory, it remains a case study of the complexities of desert warfare and the interplay between strategy, geography, and leadership.

World War I represents a pivotal moment in human history, fundamentally altering nations, societies, and individual lives. By honoring the sacrifices made by those involved and critically analysing the errors of the past, we ensure that the memories of those who fought and suffered are preserved. This commitment allows their narratives to continue shaping our collective consciousness. In doing so, we reaffirm our dedication to establishing a world in which such tragedies are not repeated.

Main image: The view from on top the Sandfontein Hill looking towards the west.

Anzel Veldman is the curator of the Ditsong National Museum of Military History

Further reading

1. Adler, F.B. 1927. The History of the Transvaal Horse Artillery. Specialty Press.
2. Kleynhans, E. & Katz, D.B. 2023. 20 Battles: Searching for a South African Way of War, 1913-2013. Jonathan Ball Publishers.
3. Von Oelhafen, H. 1923. Der Feldzug in Südwest 1914/1915: Auf Grund amtlichen Materials bearbeitet. Berlin J. Windolff:  Safari-Verlag. 
4. Warwick, R.C. 2003. Reconsideration of the Battle of Sandfontein: the first phase of the German South West Africa campaign, August to September 1914. Unpublished Master’s Dissertation, University of Cape Town.